taophora and Ischnocnema guentheri showed no associations between SVL and climate. Cycloramphus eleutherodactylus had SVL negatively associated with potential evapotranspiration, in accordance with the water conservation hypothesis (WCH). Itapotihyla langsdorffii had SVL positively associated with temperature, contrary to the HCH. Only Haddadus binotatus had SVL size negatively associated with temperature, in accordance with the heat conservation hypothesis (HCH). We implemented spatial regressions including morphological dimensions and variables describing temperature and water availability. The size was defined by snout-vent length (SVL) and stoutness.

We selected anurans from different phylogenetic groups. We tested whether body size variation of anuran amphibians can be explained by the heat conservation or water conservation hypotheses. However, body size variation of ectotherms has been associated with other climatic variables as anurans in drier environments reach larger sizes for water conservation. Bergmann's rule proposes that larger endotherms inhabit higher latitudes because higher latitudes are generally colder, and larger body sizes promote heat conservation. Hence, the developed multifunctional bioinspired colorectal stents exhibit a highly promising potential in clinical applications.Īnimal body size is recurrently associated with climate. More importantly, the facile manufacturing process of multifunctional bioinspired colorectal stents is appealing for mass production. Besides, the bioinspired colorectal stents demonstrate the feasibility of transanal placement and opening of the obstructed colon. After functionalization with graphene oxide (GO), bioinspired colorectal stents show excellent and controllable photothermal performance, which is validated by effective ablation of colon cancer cells in vitro and tumors in vivo. Inspired by high-adhesion biological structures (gecko feet, tree frog toe pads, and octopus suckers) in nature, different types of bioinspired colorectal stents are designed to reduce migration. Herein, we propose a facile method for fabricating multifunctional bioinspired colorectal stents using 3D printing technology. Therefore, there is an urgent demand to develop stents with sustained antitumor and antimigration abilities. Conventional covered stents play a part in preventing the tumor from growing inward but at the expense of significantly increasing the risk of stent migration. However, recurrent obstruction is a common severe complication caused by tumor ingrowth into the stent lumen. Stent placement is an effective palliation therapy for malignant colorectal obstruction. Friction curves for d) hydrophobic and e) hydrophilic microstructured surfaces under dry and wet conditions. c) Friction curves for glass and for flat and microstructured PDMS under dry conditions. The gray arrow indicates the transition between the static and the dynamic friction. The half-distance between dynamic friction plateaus (ΔV/2) corresponds to the dynamic sliding friction force. b) Lateral force sensor signal versus piezo position as obtained in friction experiments on a hydrophobic surface patterned with regular hexagons. Motion control and signal acquisition are done by a computer with an AD/DA board running a self-written LabView program. During measurements, vertical (2) and lateral (3) piezo translation stages are used to move the sample and friction forces are recorded by the lateral thin film force sensor (4). A motorized xyz-stage (1) allows coarse positioning. The sample (6) sits on top of a sample holder (5) with glass bottom and integrated mirror to allow bottom view via a mirror using the video microscope (9). A ruby sphere with 4 mm diameter (7) mounted at the end of a vertical thin film load sensor (8) acts as a force probe.

Torrent fluid mask